AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (COMPLETE) ADAM SMITH
Adam Smith FRSE (baptised June 5, 1723 O.S. / June 16 N.S. – July 17, 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. He is also the founder of economics. One of the key figures of the intellectual movement known as the Scottish Enlightenment, he is known primarily as the author of two treatises: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter was one of the earliest attempts to systematically study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe, as well as a sustained attack on the doctrines of mercantilism. Smith's work helped to create the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism. Adam Smith is now depicted on the back of the Bank of England £20 note. Source: Wikipedia
Adam Smith's masterpiece, first published in 1776, is the foundation of modern economic thought and remains the single most important account of the rise of, and the principles behind, modern capitalism. Written in clear and incisive prose, The Wealth of Nations articulates the concepts indispensable to an understanding of contemporary society.
The Wealth of Nations was recognized as a landmark of human thought upon its publication in 1776. As the first scientific argument for the principles of political economy, it is the point of departure for all subsequent economic thought. Smith's theories of capital accumulation, growth, and secular change, among others, continue to be influential in modern economics.
Adam Smith's masterpiece, first published in 1776, is the foundation of modern economic thought and remains the single most important account of the rise of, and the principles behind, modern capitalism. Written in clear and incisive prose, The Wealth of Nations articulates the concepts indispensable to an understanding of contemporary society.
The Wealth of Nations was recognized as a landmark of human thought upon its publication in 1776. As the first scientific argument for the principles of political economy, it is the point of departure for all subsequent economic thought. Smith's theories of capital accumulation, growth, and secular change, among others, continue to be influential in modern economics.
Introduction and Plan of the work
Book 1
Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order according to which its Produce is naturally distributed among the different Ranks of the People
1. Of the Division of Labour
2. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour
3. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market
4. Of the Origin and Use of Money
5. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money 6. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities
7. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities
8. Of the Wages of Labour
9. Of the Profits of Stock
10. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock
Part I - Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves
Part II - Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe
11. Of the Rent of Land
Part I - Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent
Part II - Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not afford Rent
Part III - Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that Sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does and sometimes does not afford Rent
Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver during the Course of the Four last Centuries: First Period, 1350-1570
Second Period, 1570-1640
Third Period, 1637-1776
Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver
Grounds of the Suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease
Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon three different Sorts of rude Produce
First Sort
Second Sort
Third Sort
Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver
Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures
Conclusion of the Chapter
Book II
Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock
Introduction
1. Of the Division of Stock
2. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society, or of the Expence of Maintaining the National Capital
3. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour
4. Of Stock Lent at Interest
5. Of the Different Employment of Capitals
Book III
Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations
1. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence
2. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire
3. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire
4. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country
Book IV
Of Systems of Political Economy
Introduction
1. Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System
2. Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home
3. Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous
Part I - Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System
Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam
Part II - Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other Principles
Volume Two
Book IV
4. Of Drawbacks
5. Of Bounties
Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws
6. Of Treaties of Commerce
7. Of Colonies
Part I - Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies
Part II - Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies
Part III - Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope
8. Conclusion of the Mercantile System
9. Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political (Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land as either the Sole or the Principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country
Book 1
Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order according to which its Produce is naturally distributed among the different Ranks of the People
1. Of the Division of Labour
2. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour
3. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market
4. Of the Origin and Use of Money
5. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money 6. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities
7. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities
8. Of the Wages of Labour
9. Of the Profits of Stock
10. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock
Part I - Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves
Part II - Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe
11. Of the Rent of Land
Part I - Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent
Part II - Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not afford Rent
Part III - Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that Sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does and sometimes does not afford Rent
Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver during the Course of the Four last Centuries: First Period, 1350-1570
Second Period, 1570-1640
Third Period, 1637-1776
Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver
Grounds of the Suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease
Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon three different Sorts of rude Produce
First Sort
Second Sort
Third Sort
Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver
Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures
Conclusion of the Chapter
Book II
Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock
Introduction
1. Of the Division of Stock
2. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society, or of the Expence of Maintaining the National Capital
3. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour
4. Of Stock Lent at Interest
5. Of the Different Employment of Capitals
Book III
Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations
1. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence
2. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire
3. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire
4. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country
Book IV
Of Systems of Political Economy
Introduction
1. Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System
2. Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home
3. Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous
Part I - Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System
Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam
Part II - Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other Principles
Volume Two
Book IV
4. Of Drawbacks
5. Of Bounties
Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws
6. Of Treaties of Commerce
7. Of Colonies
Part I - Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies
Part II - Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies
Part III - Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope
8. Conclusion of the Mercantile System
9. Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political (Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land as either the Sole or the Principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country
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